Re: [TCML] IGBT paralleling

[DC Cox <resonance@xxxxxxxxxxxx>]

This tern has been along a long time.  It was in Elec. Engr books when I
attended college way back in the 60s.

It is a standard reference in audio engineering testbooks.  It refers to a
differential in current, voltage (our appl), and frequency.

No, I didn't invent it.

D.C. Cox





On Fri, Jul 16, 2010 at 10:02 AM, <johnbrooks@xxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:

> Who came up with this term "headroom"?,,Wikipedia has not.
> D C Cox?
> Joe in Texas
>
> On Wed, 14 Jul 2010 12:36 -0500, "Steve Ward" <steve.ward@xxxxxxxxx>
> wrote:
> > The DC current rating for an IGBT is basically just the power dissipated
> > (Vce sat @ Ic) times the thermal resistance from die to case, keeping the
> > peak temperature < ~150C.  At least several of the IGBTs i looked at
> > appeared to arrive at the current spec in this way.
> >
> > I typically ignore the current rating and instead look at conduction
> > losses,
> > switching losses and thermal impedance, because honestly thats the bottom
> > line.  The amp rating is just some number that is almost never applicable
> > to
> > the application.
> >
> > As far as voltage headroom goes, operating at 50% of the part rating is
> > quite good for most cases.  Ive pushed some of my bridges all the way up
> > to
> > their voltage rating (zero headroom), and that might work under
> > controlled
> > conditions.  Ive also tested some older IGBTs for their ruggedness to
> > transients caused by hard switching of the IGBT or diode.  It seemed like
> > it
> > took very big and high energy transients before my CM300DY failed, and
> > that
> > normal "switching noise" kind of stuff would not really bother it much.
> > This suggests that running a higher bus voltage may be worth it.
> > Reliability data to settle disputes like this seems scarce.
> >
> > I think a lot of coilers tend to neglect the thermal aspects of whats
> > going
> > on in the IGBT (among other things).  Admittedly, its not a simple task,
> > it
> > requires knowledge of some sort of SPICE program, and to extract the
> > thermal
> > time constants from the data-sheets plots of Zth vs time.  Ive done it
> > before to check the temperature peaks that i expect my IGBTs to see, and
> > also to figure out the average die temperature after a minute or so of
> > operation.  I suspect thermal stress is a leading factor in the failure
> > of
> > most DRSSTCs, particularly when someone tries to push 500A through a
> > TO-247
> > device... the thermal mass is much smaller than a brick, and you dont see
> > people pushing bricks proportionally as hard.
> >
> > To give the real numbers on the coil DC is talking about, it was CM300s
> > operating at ~1800Apk playing 4-note polyphony.  With no power factor
> > correction on the AC line, we were maxing the 100A meter installed on the
> > variac.  The RMS primary current is estimated to be (via pspice
> > simulation)
> > in the 200A range.
> >
> > Steve
> >
> > On Wed, Jul 14, 2010 at 9:10 AM, Michael Twieg <mdt24@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
> >
> > > Literally no amount of circuitry can eliminate ringing and spikes due
> to a
> > > device's internal inductance.  The actual collector of the device is
> not
> > > accessible to protection circuitry (unless you plan on tearing off the
> case
> > > and soldering directly to the die).
> > >
> > > And "pushing" current is very different from pushing voltage.  The
> current
> > > ratings for IGBTs are given under the assumption that they are being
> hard
> > > switched, which causes far more power dissipation than if they were
> soft
> > > switched.  That's why the current ratings can be pushed so far for
> tesla
> > > coil bridges.  It's not that the manufacturers are being conservative
> with
> > > their ratings (they have no incentive to do so), it's that we're not
> > > operating them in a typical fashion.
> > >
> > > Unlike the current ratings, the voltage ratings can't be pushed.  It's
> a
> > > pretty hard limit which is independant of what load you're driving.  If
> you
> > > try to operate your bus voltage above those ratings, they will fail
> very
> > > quickly.  And any sane engineer will give at least 25% headroom on the
> bus
> > > voltage (much more if they don't have very good snubbers).
> > >
> > > -Mike
> > >
> > > On Tue, Jul 13, 2010 at 10:23 PM, DC Cox <resonance@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
> wrote:
> > >
> > > > Proper circuit design eliminates the spikes and ringing problems.
> > > >
> > > > Most IGBT circuits are "pushed" a bit.  Steve Ward, at my open house,
> was
> > > > pushing his CM600s with up to 80 Amps RMS at 220 V input.
> > > >
> > > > Dr. Resonance
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > On Mon, Jul 12, 2010 at 4:48 PM, John Forcina <forcijo10@xxxxxxxxx>
> > > wrote:
> > > >
> > > > > Apparently so.  I would like to see how DC will be able to get away
> > > with
> > > > > this with these mysterious IGBT's because if he claims they are
> rated
> > > at
> > > > > 2400V and 1650*1.414=2333.1v that gives almost zero headroom for
> > > voltage
> > > > > spikes ringing etc...
> > > > >
> > > > > It is pretty much impossible to make a bus layout that can
> accommodate
> > > > > these
> > > > > igbt's.  Even with a very low inductance laminated layout the sheer
> > > slow
> > > > > switching speed will create large switching spikes and will lead to
> a
> > > > > certain death to the igbt's.  Not to mention, any decent power
> engineer
> > > > > will
> > > > > know to de-rate the igbt's by several hundred volts to accommodate
> for
> > > > this
> > > > > and also because it's just good practice.
> > > > >
> > > > > On Mon, Jul 12, 2010 at 1:12 PM, Drake Schutt <drake89@xxxxxxxxx>
> > > wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > > So DC you're saying that you raise AC voltage to 1.7kV before
> > > > > > rectification?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Sent from my iPhone
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > On Jul 12, 2010, at 9:08 AM, "Brian" <brianv@xxxxxxxx> wrote:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >  Hmmm Im a little confused, 2400 vdc IGBT is the handling voltage
> of
> > > > the
> > > > > >> device , once an IGBT is on...it is on, I am not sure what this
> > > wasted
> > > > > >> head
> > > > > >> room is all about. Once the miller capacitance is overcome the
> IGBT
> > > is
> > > > > >> considered on and now connects the rail voltages. Whether it is
> big
> > > > > >> voltage
> > > > > >> or little voltage it don't matter. If you wish to drive them
> hard at
> > > > > full
> > > > > >> rated with 2400Vdc then drive them hard if you wish not too then
> > > > don't.
> > > > > I
> > > > > >> am
> > > > > >> not sure where the idea came in that there is a bunch of wasted
> head
> > > > > room
> > > > > >> that has to be filled...maybe I am missing something in this
> > > dialogue
> > > > > >> somewhere...
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> -----Original Message-----
> > > > > >> From: DC Cox [mailto:resonance@xxxxxxxxxxxx]
> > > > > >> Sent: Sunday, July 11, 2010 6:27 PM
> > > > > >> To: Tesla Coil Mailing List
> > > > > >> Subject: Re: [TCML] IGBT paralleling
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> With a 2,400 VDC IGBT, running it at a line doubled 220 VAC
> gives
> > > 2400
> > > > > VDC
> > > > > >> -
> > > > > >> 616 VDC --- over 1,784 Volts of wasted headroom that needs to be
> > > > filled,
> > > > > >> hence the use of a power transformer to boost the AC input from
> 220
> > > to
> > > > > >> around 1700 VAC.  The headroom I'm referring to is similar to
> your
> > > > audio
> > > > > >> reference only in this case wasting AC power headroom on a large
> > > IGBT
> > > > > that
> > > > > >> should be driven at higher potential to maximize coil output.
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> This is, of course, all not relevant with standard medium size
> coils
> > > > > using
> > > > > >> rectified line drive (such as CM300 circuits) or line rectified
> > > drive
> > > > > with
> > > > > >> a
> > > > > >> voltage doubler circuit common with CM600 IGBTs.
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> D.C. Cox
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> On Sun, Jul 11, 2010 at 4:13 PM, Drake Schutt <
> drake89@xxxxxxxxx>
> > > > > wrote:
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >>  Dc- what do you mean when you refer to headroom in this post?
>  I'm
> > > > > >>> used to the term only in music production referring to dB.
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>> Regards
> > > > > >>> Drake
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>> On Jul 11, 2010, at 3:22 PM, DC Cox <resonance@xxxxxxxxxxxx>
> > > > > wrote:With
> > > > > >>> CM300s or CM600s you can just double the 220 VAC line to get
> 642
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>> VDC
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>>> for a good match.
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> If running, perhaps, a CM2400, you want to go up to near 2,400
> VDC
> > > > on
> > > > > >>>> the drive, so you end up using a 220/480 Volt 3 phase to get
> up to
> > > > at
> > > > > >>>> or near the 2,400 VDC rectified.  This gives you better output
> > > > > >>>> because you go from
> > > > > >>>> 642 VDC to 2400 VDC that is being switched into the primary
> > > > inductor.
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> Typically, with really large systems the only way to get from
> > > > 220/440
> > > > > >>>> VAC to produce the 2400 VDC drive max is to use a small 25 to
> 50
> > > kVA
> > > > > >>>> xmfr (surplus pole units).
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> Not a dual pole pig unit, just a 220/440 VAC 3 phase xmfr
> > > delivering
> > > > > >>>> around 1650 VAC before rectification.
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> The main point with large DRSSTC type coils is efficiency ---
> > > > > >>>> eliminating all those losses in the heat & UV light production
> in
> > > > the
> > > > > >>>> spark gap, and obtaining quicker dI/dt rates.
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> As you pointed out small and medium size coils run just fine
> > > without
> > > > > >>>> using any pole xmfrs.  Usually above 15-18 ft long sparks the
> pole
> > > > > >>>> xmfr boost helps out get to the higher potential of the larger
> > > IGBTs
> > > > > >>>> without wasting a lot of headroom.
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> Dr. Resonance
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> On Sun, Jul 11, 2010 at 2:14 PM, Gary Lau <glau1024@xxxxxxxxx
> >
> > > > wrote:
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>> I'm going to bare my ignorance here.  I thought that the whole
> > > point
> > > > > >>>> of
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>>> solid state TC's was that you don't need a multi-kilovolt
> power
> > > > > supply.
> > > > > >>>>> Are
> > > > > >>>>> pole pigs really used to power these?  A _dual_ pig powered
> > > > > >>>>> magnifier???
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>> Regards, Gary Lau
> > > > > >>>>> MA, USA
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>> On Sun, Jul 11, 2010 at 12:16 PM, Scott Bogard <
> > > sdbogard@xxxxxxxxx
> > > > >
> > > > > >>>>> wrote:
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>> Hi John,
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>    By chance is there a compiled list somewhere of "good
> IGBTs"
> > > > > >>>>>> that are used and those that aren't.  Anyway back to the
> > > original
> > > > > >>>>>> question, is
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>  it
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  possible to parallel them?  Lets say for kicks I'm building
> a
> > > dual
> > > > > >>>>>> pig powered 30kVa magnifier with a LTR cap (I'm clearly not,
> we
> > > > are
> > > > > >>>>>> talking theoretical here.)  Clearly the peak currents will
> be
> > > > > >>>>>> beyond any
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>  reasonably
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  priced IGBT, is it possible to parallel lesser current units
> to
> > > > > >>>>>> handle
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>  the
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  load, and what would that entail?  Thanks.
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>> Scott Bogard.
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>> On 7/10/2010 5:09 PM, John Forcina wrote:
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>> Those IGBT's seem far from ideal.  The TO220 package is a
> very
> > > > poor
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  choice
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  as far as thermal conductivity and the datasheet says it all
> > > > > 0.75C/W.
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  You
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  will not be able to remove enough heat from the surface of
> the
> > > > IGBT
> > > > > >>>>>> die
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> quick enough between current pulses and the device will
> fail.
> > > > > >>>>>>> They do
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  not
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  have a internal anti-parallel diode so adding that
> externally
> > > will
> > > > > >>>>>> add
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  to
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  the final cost also.  Not to mention doing that will add
> > > > additional
> > > > > >>>>>> loop
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> area and stray inductance between units.  One more thing is
> the
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  switching
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  times are surprisingly slow for that small of a unit.
>  td(OFF)
> > > > 96ns.
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  It's
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  not that slow however it does seem slow for that small of a
> > > > device.
> > > > > >>>>>> I
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> have
> > > > > >>>>>>> seen much better overall performance from larger IGBT's.
>  My
> > > > > >>>>>>> suggestion
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  is
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  to just spend more money and use IGBT's that have been used
> and
> > > > > >>>>>> proven
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  to
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  work in Tesla Coils time and time again.  There must be some
> > > > reason
> > > > > >>>>>> that
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> we
> > > > > >>>>>>> all use them ;)
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> On Sat, Jul 10, 2010 at 4:38 PM, Scott Bogard<
> > > sdbogard@xxxxxxxxx
> > > > >
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  wrote:
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>  Interesting,
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>     I am in the wee beginning stages of building my first
> SISG,
> > > > > >>>>>>>> and
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>  as
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  such am in the market for IGBTs.  I found these, which look
> very
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> inexpensive
> > > > > >>>>>>>> and have decent ratings.
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > http://www.newark.com/fairchild-semiconductor/hgtp12n60a4/single-igb
> > > > > >>>>> t-600v-54a/dp/90B5642
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  My thinking is if heat is a problem or peak current, can I
> just
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>  parallel
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  them?  at $1.50 a pop it seems infinitely better than 1 $18
> IGBT
> > > > > >>>>>> of
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> nearly
> > > > > >>>>>>>> the same ratings...  I didn't look at temperature or
> package
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>  information
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  yet, so maybe there is a problem there.
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> Scott Bogard.
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> On 7/10/2010 8:26 AM, McCauley, Daniel H wrote:
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> Scott,
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> The electric ratings may be the same or similar, but you
> also
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> have to compare the mechanical ratings -  in particular
> the
> > > > > thermal
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> ratings.
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >>> This
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> would be junction-to-case thermal impedances etc...  The
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> expensive
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  IGBTs
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  that are commonly used in DRSSTCs are usually ISOBLOC type
> > > > > >>>>>> packages
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> which
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> excellent thermal impedances.  Compare this vs. a TO-247
> > > > package
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> of
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  the
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  same
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> die.
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> And when comparing a TO-247 package to an ISOBLOC, keep
> in
> > > mind
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> that
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  you
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  STILL NEED to add a thermal insulator between the TO-247 and
> > > > > >>>>>> heatsink,
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> which
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> just makes the thermal impedance even worse.  The ISOBLOC
> (or
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> SOT-227)
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> doesn't require a thermal interface other a small
> smidgeon of
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> thermal grease or a graphite pad.
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Dan
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> http://www.easternvoltageresearch.com
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> DRSSTC, SSTC, Flyback, Plasma Speaker Kits
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> -----Original Message-----
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> From: tesla-bounces@xxxxxxxxxx [mailto:
> > > > tesla-bounces@xxxxxxxxxx]
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> On Behalf Of Scott Bogard
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Sent: Friday, July 09, 2010 9:52 PM
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> To: Tesla Coil Mailing List
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Subject: EXTERNAL: [TCML] IGBT paralleling
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Greetings all,
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>    So, after a bit of researching I've noticed there are
> > > IGBTs
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> on Newark with exactly the same ratings as some of the
> SSTC
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> approved
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  IGBTs,
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  but
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> at 1/10th the price.  What makes these others so special
> that
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> they are better, and if it is just a matter of peak
> current
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> ratings, since
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  IGBTs
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  are
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> gate driven, can we just parallel a few to get the required
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> pulse current rating?  I ask because I've not heard of
> > > anybody
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> doing this, then
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>  again
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>  I've
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> only begun to research SSTC a little bit ago.  Just musing.
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Scott Bogard.
>  > > > >  >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
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> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >>>>>>>> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>>  Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>>>>>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
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> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>>>  Tesla mailing list
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> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>>
> > > > > >>>>> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>>>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >>>>> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>>> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>>>>
> > > > > >>>> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >>>> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>>>
> > > > > >>>>  _______________________________________________
> > > > > >>> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >>> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >>> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>>
> > > > > >>
> > > > > >> _______________________________________________
> > > > > >> Tesla mailing list
> > > > > >> Tesla@xxxxxxxxxx
> > > > > >> http://www.pupman.com/mailman/listinfo/tesla
> > > > > >>
> > > > > > _______________________________________________
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> > > > > >
> > > > > _______________________________________________
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