Original poster: dave pierson <davep-at-quik-dot-com> I would not propose to set a date on 'knowledge of the ionosphere'. It was calculated, (and, i think, observed) as early as 180 ('pre Tesla's Colorado Springs observations) that there was a conductive layer, based on observations of 'reflections' and resonances. The 6.mumbleish Hz now named after Schumann dates to that date at least.. best dwp