Grounds

["Tesla list" <tesla-at-pupman-dot-com>]

Original poster: "davep by way of Terry Fritz <twftesla-at-uswest-dot-net>" <davep-at-quik-dot-com>

Colleagues:
This turned up on another list.  It's lighting protection
in origin.  Clearly implementing any of these is unlikely
for Coiling, however those with a bent for library digging may find
something of interest....
best
	dwp
==============================
Grounding of power lines involves some work on concrete as many tower
foundations include it.  Some related literature is given hereafter:

[1]     Fagan, E.J. and Lee, R.H.  (July/August 1970).  The Use of
Concrete-encased Reinforcing Rods as Grounding Electrodes", IEEE Trans.
on
Industry and General Applications, Vol. IGA-6, No. 4, pp. 337-348.

[2]     Harding, G. and Harris C.A. (1970).  Some Engineering Objections
to
Using Reinforcing Steel as Grounding Electrodes", IEEE IGA Conference
Proceedings, pp. 181-187.  Discussion by Lee, R.H.

[3]     Kawai, M. (1965).  "Studies of Tower Footing Resistance on
Transmission Lines", IEEE Conference Paper No. 31 CP 65-704.

[4]     Niles, G.B. (1978).  "Using Transmission Foundation Resistance
for
Grounding Purposes and in Determining  an Effective Earth Resistivity",
IEEE
Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Paper No. A 78 126-5, 6 pp.

[5]     Preminger, Julius.  (Nov./Dec. 1975). "Evaluation of
Concrete-encased Electrodes", IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.
IA-11, No. 6, pp. 664-668.  

[6]     Saraoja, E.K. (1977).  "Lightning Earths", Chapter 18 (22 pp.)
of
Golde, R.H. (Editor), Lightning, Vol. 2, Academic Press, London,
Britain.

[7]     Thaper, B., Gerez, V., Balakrishnan, A. and Blank, D.A. (April
1990).  "Ground Resistance of Concrete Encased Electrodes - Field
Tests",
American Power Conference, pp. 421-425.

[8]     Thaper, B., Ferrer, O., and Blank, D.A. (April 1990).  "Ground
Resistance of Concrete Foundations in Substation Yards", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-5, No. 1, pp. 130-136.

[9]     Ufer, H.G. (October 1964).  "Investigation and Testing of
Footing-type Grounding Electrodes for Electrical Installations", IEEE
Trans., pp. 1042-1048.

[10]    Vainer, A.L. (1970). "Current Off-flow from Reinforced Concrete
Footings in Poor Conducting Ground", Electric Technology USSR, No. 4,
pp.
96-106.

[11]    Vorgucic, A. (1983).  "Electrical Resistivity of Concrete in the
Foundation Earth", Proceedings Lightning and Static Electricity
Conference,
Fort Worth, Texas, Paper No. 30-1.

[12]    Wiener, P. (1970).  "A Comparison of Concrete Encased Grounding
Electrode to Driven Ground Rods", IEEE Trans. on Industry and General
Applications, Vol. IGA-6, No. 3, pp. 282-287.

Regardless of soil type, i.e. whether involving concrete or not, a major
effect of lightning current arises from its high amplitude.  This leads
to
breakdown and ionization phenomena within the ground.  This subject is
covered in two of my papers:

[13]    Mousa, A.M. (October 1992).  "Breakdown Gradient of the Soil
Under
Lightning Discharge Conditions", Proceedings of International Aerospace
and
Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Atlantic City,
New
Jersey, USA, paper No. 67, 12 pp.

[14]    Mousa, A.M. (1994).  "The Soil Ionization Gradient Associated
with
Discharge of High Currents into Concentrated Electrodes", IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 1669-1677.